但马太福音和路加福音则提供了两个稍许有差异却都闻名遐迩的 “出生” 记录——虽然这两部也都没有提到一个确切的日期。到了二世纪,有了更多伪经撰写关于耶~诞生和童年的细节,例如多马的婴儿福音(the Infancy Gospel of Thomas)和雅各原始福音书(the Proto-Gospel of James)。这些作品中事无巨细地提供了诸如耶~祖父的名字和他受的教育这样的细节——但是,还是没有给出他出生的日期。
还有另一种对圣诞节起源的解释:确定Jes+s生日的关键却是他在逾越节死亡的日子,换言之,他的诞生和死亡是息息相关。这听起来很奇怪。这个观点最初是由法国学者 Louis Duchesne 在 20 世纪初提出的,后来由美国人 Thomas Talley 发展完全。[8] 但显然,他们并不是第一批意识到他的死亡和他降生的传统日期之间联系的人。
[1]. Origen, Homily on Leviticus 8.
[2]. Clement, Stromateis 1.21.145. In addition, Christians in Clement’s native Egypt seem to have known a commemoration of Jesus’ baptism—sometimes understood as the moment of his divine choice, and hence as an alternate “incarnation” story—on the same date (Stromateis 1.21.146). See further on this point Thomas J. Talley, Origins of the Liturgical Year, 2nd ed. (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1991), pp. 118–120, drawing on Roland H. Bainton, “Basilidian Chronology and New Testament Interpretation,” Journal of Biblical Literature 42 (1923), pp. 81–134; and now especially Gabriele Winkler, “The Appearance of the Light at the Baptism of Jesus and the Origins of the Feast of the Epiphany,” in Maxwell Johnson, ed., Between Memory and Hope: Readings on the Liturgical Year (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2000), pp. 291–347.
[3]. The Philocalian Calendar.
[4]. Scholars of liturgical history in the English-speaking world are particularly skeptical of the “solstice” connection; see Susan K. Roll, “The Origins of Christmas: The State of the Question,” in Between Memory and Hope: Readings on the Liturgical Year (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 2000), pp. 273–290, especially pp. 289–290.
[5]. A gloss on a manuscript of Dionysius Bar Salibi, d. 1171; see Talley, Origins, pp. 101–102.
[6]. Prominent among these was Paul Ernst Jablonski; on the history of scholarship, see especially Roll, “The Origins of Christmas,” pp. 277–283.
[7]. For example, Gregory of Nazianzen, Oratio 38; John Chrysostom, In Diem Natalem.
[8]. Louis Duchesne, Origines du culte Chrétien, 5th ed. (Paris: Thorin et Fontemoing, 1925), pp. 275–279; and Talley, Origins.
[9]. Tertullian, Adversus Iudaeos 8.
[10]. There are other relevant texts for this element of argument, including Hippolytus and the (pseudo-Cyprianic) De pascha computus; see Talley, Origins, pp. 86, 90–91.
[11]. De solstitia et aequinoctia conceptionis et nativitatis domini nostri iesu christi et iohannis baptistae.
[12]. Augustine, Sermon 202.
[13]. Epiphanius is quoted in Talley, Origins, p. 98.
[14]. b. Rosh Hashanah 10b–11a.
[15]. Talley, Origins, pp. 81–82.
[16]. On the two theories as false alternatives, see Roll, “Origins of Christmas.”