此外,与韩国“三一运动”参与者相比,“五四运动”中的中国基督教大学学生们所接受的新教,在神学上处于另一端。美国历史学家哈奇森(William R. Hutchison)曾记载,到1917年为止,在华服事的美国新教人士中,百分之七十是自由派神学背景的。<23> 他们一般接受演化、进步、道德、社会服务、个人主义和其他启蒙运动的理念。<24> 他们认为新教信仰的传统基本要义都过时了或不再是最重要的,如罪、悔改、童女生子、复活和圣经权威。
<1> 本文英文原文发表在2018年10月《宣教研究国际公报》(International Bulletin of Mission Research, Volume 42, Issue 4, Pages 316-325)杂志,原题为:“Divergent Paths of Protestantism and Asian Nationalism: A Comparison of Two Social Movements in Korea and China in 1919”,详见:http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/2396939318775259。此处的中文版删除了英文版部分内容。
<2> Timothy S. Lee, “A Political Factor in the Rise of Protestantism in Korea: Protestantism and the 1919 March First Movement,” Church History 69, no. 1 (2000): 116–42; Vera Schwarcz, The Chinese Enlightenment: Intellectuals and the Legacy of the May Fourth Movement of 1919 (Berkeley and Los Angeles: Univ. of California Press, 1986).
<3> Danielle Kane and Jung Mee Park, “The Puzzle of Korean Christianity: Geopolitical Networks and Religious Conversion in Early Twentieth-Century East Asia,” American Journal of Sociology 115, no. 2 (2009): 365–404.
<4> Carter J. Eckert, et al., Korea, Old and New: A History (Seoul: Ilchokak; distributed by Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA, 1990), 247.
<5> Dae-yeol Ku, Korea under Colonialism: The March First Movement and Anglo-Japanese Relations (Seoul: published for the Royal Asiatic Society, Korea Branch, 1985), 29. Donald L. Baker, Korean Spirituality (Honolulu: Univ. of Hawaiʻi Press, 2008), 71.
<6> Chung-shin Park, Protestantism and Politics in Korea (Seattle: Univ. of Washington Press, 2003), 4.
<7> Nym Wales and Kim San, Song of Ariran (San Francisco: Ramparts Press, 1941), 75, quoted in Park, Protestantism and Politics, 65.
<8> Sebastian C. H. Kim and Kirsteen Kim, A History of Korean Christianity (New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 2014), 126.
<9> 同上,29-30。
<10> Kim and Kim, A History of Korean Christianity, 83.
<11> 同上,33。
<12> 同上,52。
<13> George H. Jones, “Open Korea and Its Methodist Mission,” Gospel in All Lands, September 1898, 391–96, quoted in Park, Protestantism and Politics, 55.
<14> Park, Protestantism and Politics, 59.
<15> C. C. Vinton, “Presbyterian Mission Work in Korea,” Missionary Review of the World 6, no. 9 (September 1893), quoted in Park, Protestantism and Politics, 61.
<16> Park, Protestantism and Politics, 64.
<17> Rana Mitter, A Bitter Revolution: China’s Struggle with the Modern World (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 2004), 12.
<18> Mao Tse-tung, “The May Fourth Movement” (in Chinese), in Selected Works of Mao Tse-tung (1939), 2:237.7.
<19> Arif Dirlik, The Origins of Chinese Communism (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1989), 5–6.
<20> Lucien Bianco, Origins of the Chinese Revolution, 1915–1949, trans. Muriel Bell (Stanford, CA: Stanford Univ. Press, 1971), 54.
<21> Tse-tsung Chow, The May Fourth Movement: Intellectual Revolution in Modern China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1960), 21–43.
<22> Dwight W. Edwards, Yenching University (New York: United Board for Christian Higher Education in Asia, 1959), 138.
<23> William R. Hutchison, Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions (Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1987), 128.
<24> Robert M. Crunden, Ministers of Reform: The Progressives’ Achievement in American Civilization, 1889–1920 (Urbana and Chicago: Univ. of Illinois Press, 1982), ix.
<25> Zhitian Luo, “The Split of the West: International Affairs and Changing Chinese Thought before and after the May Fourth Movement” (in Chinese), Chinese Social Sciences 3 (1999): 20–35.
<26> Scott W. Sunquist, Explorations in Asian Christianity (Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic, 2017), 264.
<27> Tang Xiaofeng and Wang Shuai, eds., Historical Documents of the Anti-Christian Movement in the Republic of China (in Chinese) (Beijing: Social Science Academic Press, 2015), 22–30.
<28> Kwang-Ching Liu, American Missionaries in China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press, 1966), 4–5, 6.
<29> Jonathan D. Spence, To Change China: Western Advisers in China (London: Penguin Books, 2002), 174, 183, 142.
<30> Y. C. Wang, Chinese Intellectuals and the West, 1872–1949 (Chapel Hill: Univ. of North Carolina Press, 1966); Schwarcz, The Chinese Enlightenment.
题图:
此文参考文献之一,《韩国基督教史》(A History of Korean Christianity,剑桥大学出版社,2014年)封面;